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Abstract: The chapter first reviews how and why Hudson's generation failed to enforce international law during the 1930s against Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and Mussolini's Italy, and how this failure contributed to the outbreak of World War II. Then it turns to one of the greatest security challenges of our time, the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and examines how and why the international community is again failing to take the enforcement measures necessary to prevent a major calamity. The chapter posits that while great progress has been made in many areas of international organization since Hudson's book was published in 1932, there has been relatively little progress on an issue pivotal to organizing the world for peace and security: enforcing international law against dangerous rogue states.
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